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Quercus afares
''Quercus afares'' is a species of oak native to Algeria and Tunisia. It has a very limited distribution in the coastal mountains of the eastern Tell Atlas in Algeria, and the Mogod-Kroumerie region of northwestern Tunisia. ''Quercus afares'' is deciduous, with a corky bark (thinner than that of the cork oak, ''Q. suber)'', and can reach 25–30 metres in height. It grows in dense stands, associated with cork oak at elevations as low as 200 metres, and with the semi-deciduous Algerian oak ''(Q. canariensis)'' from 700 to 1600 metres elevation. ''Q. afares'' can also be found in monospecific stands, especially above 1200 metres on soils damaged by fire. It is endemic to the eastern coastal portion of the Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests ecoregion.
The relationship of ''Q. afares'' to other oaks has recently undergone a revision. It was initially classified in section ''Cerris'', because of morphological similarities with two other species, Turkey oak ''(Quercus cerris)'' of southern Europe and chestnut-leaved oak ''(Quercus castaneifolia)'' of the Caucasus and northern Iran. A genetic analysis using both nuclear (allozymes) and chloroplastic markers found that ''Q. afares'' originated as a hybrid of ''Q. suber'' and ''Q. canariensis''. Although it is common for oaks of related species to hybridize, the parent species of ''Q. afares'' are from genetically distant sections of the genus, ''Q. suber'' from section ''Cerris'' and ''Q. canariensis'' from section ''Mesobalanus''. C. Mir ''et al.'' maintain that because ''Q. afares'' is genetically, morphologically and ecologically differentiated from its parental species, it should therefore be considered a stabilised hybrid species. Like ''Q. suber'', it has a biennial reproductive cycle, corky bark, and similar fruit, and also does not occur on limestone soils. Unlike ''Q. suber'', which is limited to coastal areas with mild winters, ''Q. afares'' shares the cold-tolerance of ''Q. canariensis'' which shares some of its mountain habitats.
==References==
* Mir, C., L. Toumi, P. Jarne, V. Sarda, F. Di Giusto and R Lumaret (2006). "Endemic North African ''Quercus afares'' Pomel originates from hybridisation between two genetically very distant oak species (''Q. suber'' L. and ''Q. canariensis'' Willd.): evidence from nuclear and cytoplasmic markers" ''Heredity'' (2006) 96, 175–184. ()
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